Lord Jim by Conrad

Historical background

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries Western powers were invading other territories in a series of colonial warfare conflicts rooted in imperial ambition. 

France's campaign in West Africa in 1892 was driven by its desire to control strategic regions like Dahomey, resulting in fierce battles. The annexation of Hawaii in 1893 was an example of US strategic expansionism in the Pacific. In 1894, Britain intended to consolidate its influence in Southern Africa by launching a war against the Matabele in Zimbabwe. It was an uneven fight with British forces' using firearms against Matabele spears. Italy's ambitions were focused on Ethiopia, though they were challenged in 1896 when Ethiopian forces defeated General Baratieri's army in Tigre.

On the American continent, the Spanish-American War of 1898 led to Spain giving up territories like Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines to the United States. This conflict, encouraged by sensationalist media and the mysterious sinking of the USS Maine, illustrated how media and political pressures could push nations into imperial conquests.

Against this backdrop of imperial expansion, Joseph Conrad's Lord Jim offers a critique of European attitudes towards colonised peoples, as well as a reflection on personal and collective responsibility. The novel examines the indifference of European powers to the lives of their colonial subjects. This is shown, fot example, in Jim's efforts to lead the people of Patusan against the predatory Gentleman Brown, who embodies European exploitation.

Literary context

By the turn of the century, Britain had begun to decline as a world power, and the Empire's continued supremacy and prosperity came into question. The self-confident British perception of the world and its place in it no longer seemed guaranteed. In Heart of Darkness, (1899), Conrad scrutinised the moral consequences of Britain's colonial empire. A year later Lord Jim examined human weakness and moral failings. 

In these stories perceptions of people and events were unreliable and conflicting, the usually accepted universal truths of the previous Victorian era were challenged and no worldview was trustworthy. These were the seeds of Modernist literature which incorporated themes such as destruction, chaos, loss and exile.

Conrad's modernist style and use of antiheroes influenced other 20th-century writers including William Faulkner in The Sound and the Fury, As Lay Dying, and Absalom, Absalom! Both authors employed fragmented chronology, unreliable narration, and psychologically complex characters.

Conrad also influenced Ernest Hemingway, particularly in his The Old Man and the Sea, though the writers differ in their treatment of personal experiences: Conrad explores the hidden darkness behind experience; Hemingway describes experience in terms of visible action and controlled emotion.

Another modernist writer, Scott Fitzgerald, recognised that he had used Conrad's literary style in writing The Great Gatsby (1925), modeling narrator Nick Carraway on Conrad's Marlow.

A mindmap overview of Lord Jim and a commentary on the text will appear here after publication in the Eco de Sitges.